World War II

Millikin During the Second World War

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Just like every other community in the United States, World War II made a tremendous impact on the Millikin University campus. This exhibit tells some of the story of the Second World War from a uniquely Millikin perspective using materials found within the University Archives & Special Collections. This web exhibit was the companion to the physical exhibit found inside Staley Library during the Fall semester of 2007.

Prior to Pearl Harbor

When Nazi Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 to ignite the Second World War in Europe, Millikin University students were just getting ready to return to campus for the 1939-40 academic year. That year's first issue of the student newspaper, The Decaturian, captured the mood on campus favoring "neutrality" on the part of United States. By the end of that academic year, that attitude still seemed prevalent among the student body.

It's Our Problem, September 1939 DecaturianMillikin Men Favor U. S. Neutrality, September 1939 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý15 Sep 1939 page 2The DecaturianÌý15 Sep 1939 page 5

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Billions for Defense, May 1940 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý24 May 1940 page 2

As time, and the war in Europe went on, the campus community continued to revisit the world crisis and even offered up some of its own opinions. In the Spring of 1940, history & political science professor Albert Taylor Mills attempted to "defend" the German Kaiser from the First World War before members of Decatur's "University Club," while sophomore student Robert Weiner attempted to raise money to help Jewish refugees from Europe.

Mills defends Kaiser at University Club, April 1940 DecaturianRobert Weiner calls meet of Jewish youth, April 1940 Decaturian
both fromÌýThe DecaturianÌý26 April 1940 page 2

Even campus entertainment felt the impact of the war as the spring of 1941 play,ÌýMargin for Error, was a comedic murder mystery which the 1941 student yearbook,ÌýThe Millidek,Ìýdescribed as being "appropriately concerned with Nazis."

1941 production of Margin for Error
A scene from 1941 production ofÌýMargin for ErrorÌýon the Albert Taylor Hall stage. (from the 1941ÌýMillidek)

By the fall of 1941, the neutrality attitude was fading, and even self-proclaimed "pacifist" Dean C. L. Miller addressed the student body with a message of "practicality." In just two more months, the "practicality" of war became a "reality.

Dean advocates practical pacifism, October 1941 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý3 Oct 1941 page 4

Pearl Harbor: The US Enters the War

Student hear president, December 1941 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý12 Dec 1941 page 1

Just as millions of other Americans were shocked by the Sunday afternoon news of the Pearl Harbor attacks, Millikin students and faculty likewise felt the effects of December 7th, 1941. The next morning, classes let out early so the entire campus community could gather in Albert Taylor Hall to listen to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's now famous "Day of Infamy" speech broadcast over the radio. As one senior remarked, it seemed "funny to be coming in here this time in the morning," his words would only foreshadow the many changes that lay in store for the Millikin community.

Who moved MU Cheese?

Millikin administrators, faculty, and students quickly began adjusting to a war-time footing, although some of the changes proved to be more challenging than others.

War causes changes in curriculum, January 1942 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý23 January 1942 page 1

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War time upsets students, February 1942 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý13 Feb 1942 page 1

Curriculum and schedule changes were only the beginning. Both male and female students began departing campus to do more for the war effort. Many joined the Armed Forces, others took defense production jobs and still others, civil service positions. All of these were actively recruited for on campus and in the student newspaper. Meanwhile, many took advantage of military reserve programs that would allow them to remain students for the time being.

Defense jobs open to girls in Washington, February 1942 DecaturianDon't quit college, April 1942 DecaturianThe aviation industry, March 1942 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý6 Feb 1942The DecaturianÌý24 Apr 1942The DecaturianÌý20 March 1942

One departure in particular carried with it some historical importance, although no one knew it at the time.

Physics major employed in research, May 1942 DecaturianHarold Lichtenberger
The DecaturianÌý8 May 1942 page 1

When Harold Lichtenberger graduated early and headed north to the University of Chicago in 1942, the departure had little to no effect at Millikin, although the "research project sponsored by the U.S. Army," he was to participate in had global import. A member of Enrico Fermi's team, on December 2, 1942, Harold found himself on a platform above the "pile" on a converted squash-court, ready to pour a cadmium-salt solution onto it as part of the safety team. He was mounted above what became the world's first controlled self-sustaining manmade nuclear chain reaction which was the first giant leap toward the atomic bomb which helped bring about the end of the war in 1945. But it wasn't just Millikinites that were out trying to bring a quick conclusion to the war, the campus itself was soon to become part of the war effort.

US Army returns to Millikin

During the First World War, Millikin University served as a participant in theÌýStudent Army Training Corps, program, with over 600 student/soldiers enrolled and living in newly built barracks on campus in 1918, although before that first semester ended that war had come to an end and with it the SATC program. In early 1943, the United States began preparing to call up all those who had signed up as reserves and to train them, it would enlist college campuses across the country, including Millikin.

President Hessler and Dean Miller meet with army lieutenants
President Hessler and Dean Miller meet with Army Lieutenants Winn and McGuire

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Air corps officer confer on plans for training unit, February 1943 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý19 February 1943 page 1

Just as many of the male students were packing up and reporting for duty in the various reserve programs they had joined since the start of the war, the US Army was preparing to open up a cadet training unit right on the Millikin campus. The picture and article above sparked a flurry of activity over the next month, which even saw the female students ofÌýAston HallÌýpack up and prepare to relocate so the Army could use the hall (although they were told to unpack at the last minute as the Army decided on quickly erecting wooden barracks and temporarily housing the initial cadets in the Old Gym).

The cadets arrived that March via theÌýWabash RailroadÌýthat stopped next to campus and let the first group disembark in the grass along West William Street.

First group of cadets, March 1943 Herald & Review,
ThisÌýDecatur Herald & ReviewÌýphoto, dated March 28, 1943, shows the first group of cadets as they arrived near campus.

With the arrival of the cadets, the 78th College Training Detachment (78th CTD) was born, and over the next year well over a thousand Army Air Corps cadets would come through and train at Millikin.

wooden barracks
The wooden barracks were erected quickly and came to dominate the northern part of the campus

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barracks on back of campus
Cadets enjoying snow
Cadets arriving at Millikin
cadets at barracks entrance
Cadet parade
Cadets lined up
Cadets training flights drilling and in formation
Millidek photo of cadet on guard dutyMillidek photo of cadet office
Millidek photo of cadet Millidek photo of cadets
Millidek photo of cadet paradeMillidek photo of cadet dance
Millidek photo of cadets digging inMillidek photo of cadet in barracks
Millidek photo of cadet baseballMillidek photo of cadet basketball

Wooden barrack buildings, drilling, and uniforms were not the only changes the 78th CTD brought to Millikin. What remained of the student body, now predominately female, grew concerned with how much change the cadets brought.

A student complaint, March 1943 DecaturianStill our college, March 1943 Decaturian
editorials fromÌýThe DecaturianÌý12 Mar 1943 page 2

One of their most important concerns was answered immediately though.

Date dope, March 1943 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý12 Mar 1943 page 1

And it was not very long before the campus community had adjusted to the changes and the Army was assimilated into culture of Millikin.

We're beginning to woder
Bond queen, March 1943 Decaturian
both fromÌýThe DecaturianÌý19 March 1943 page 1

By the fall of 1943, the Cadets were contributing their own columns and cartoons to The Decaturian

Simply, poem/verse two same song, September 1943 DecaturianCame, saw, left, September 1943 Decaturian
These lyrics submitted by cadets toÌýThe DecaturianÌýappeared on 24 Sept 1943 on page 2
Reveille ravings
Cadets contribute campus story, September 1943 DecaturianThe drawing above and short item at left also appeared in first issue ofÌýThe DecaturianÌýfor the 1943-44 academic year (24 Sept 1943). That years numbers are loaded with unique campus perspectives from the continuing cycle of cadets that came through Millikin.
Cadet cartoons, October 1943 DecaturianCadet cartoons, October 1943 Decaturian
Both cartoons fromÌýThe DecaturianÌý8 October 1943 page 4

Not all of the 78th CTD's training took place on the Millikin campus. The cadets were all part of the Army Air Corps and their training included flight training out at the Decatur airport.

Decatur airport during WW2
Flight training airplanes
These 6 (yellow) tandem seat Piper Cubs were used to provide flight training to the Army Air Corps cadets of Millikin at the Decatur airport.

Forty Years of Football Finished in Forty-Three?

Due to the departure of so many of the male students in the spring of 1943, students returned to campus that fall to find there was to be no men's varsity athletic programs for the first time since the campus had opened in 1903. Even during the first World War, the SATC had fielded a football team that played an abbreviated five game schedule, but 78th CTD cadets had too much training packed into their short rotations at Millikin (and most of Millikin's usual opponent schools were in similar situations) so there would be no football at Millikin for the first time in its forty year history to that point. The lack of varsity athletics did not warrant a reprieve from having to pay the activity fee however.

Fifteen dollars for what, September 1943 DecaturianHomecoming without this
The DecaturianÌý24 Sept 1943 page 2 editorial & page 1 image

The "no Wagner," comment in the above editorial refers to Virgil Wagner, the star halfback and team captain of the 1942 football team, had helped the JMU gridders to two consecutive undefeated seasons in '41 and '42. Football would not return to Millikin until the fall of 1946(and Millikin would lose its first game that year, ending the 16 game winning streak from 1940-42). Wagner meanwhile served as a Naval Aviator during the remainder of the war and then became an original member of the Montreal Alouettes in 1946 and was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1980.

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Virgil Wagner

Other campus traditions soon felt the war's pinch as well. The 1944 Millidek yearbook had the fewest pages of any of the volumes until the final one was made in 1999. Homecoming activities were greatly curtailed in 1943 and there were no longer male fraternities on campus, which an article about Rush Week (renamed Hush Week do to the lack of activities) pointed out in the captured quote.

Hush week at the houses 01
Hush week at the houses, September 1943 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý24 Sept 1943

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Millikin students speak, September 1943 Decaturian

The DecaturianÌý24 September 1943 page 1

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Man shortage knocks, October 1943 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý22 October 1943 page 1

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Old home week, October 1943 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý29 October 1943 page 2

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Wartime homecoming, November 1943 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý5 November 1943 page 2

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For those who couldn't come, November 1943 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý5 November 1943 page 2

Another humorous example of changing traditions is provided by a glance at the weekly rumor mill column in theÌýDecaturianÌýknown as the "Dust Pan".

Dust pan, Mr. Squeegy
The Decaturian of the late 30s and early 40s had featured the rumor column, "Dust Pan," with the graphic of "Mr. Squeegy"(above) who's down on all fours trying to sniff out the campus rumors.

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Dust pan, Mrs. Squeegy
In October of 1943 though, he was replaced by "Mrs. Squeegy" (above) with the below explanation.

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Mr. and Mrs. Squeegy, October 1943 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý1 October 1943 page 3

By the end of the academic year, the 78th CTD was closing up shop, with the final cycle of cadets departing in June of 1944. The empty barracks remained as reminder of their campus presence until the last of these was torn down in the early 1960s.

Final training flight
The final training flight departs Decatur from the Wabash station as Millikin students bid farewell from the platform.

Female Students Serve As Well

As shown above, many female students left Millikin shortly after the war started to take lucrative positions in the Civil Service or in war materials production. Others responded to serve in uniform, and the Armed Services actively recruited them on campus and in theÌýDecaturian

The spirit of '44, May 1944 Decaturian
Advertisement fromÌýThe DecaturianÌý26 May 1944 page 3

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Two J.M.U. co-eds join waves, March 1944 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý10 March 1944 page 1

Millikin Motivates Morale and Morals

Clarence E. SutherdMorale mail, October 1943 Decaturian
Clarence E. "Fuzzy" SutherdÌýThe DecaturianÌý1 October 1943 page 2

As physical training instructor for the Army Air Corps cadets, Coach Sutherd earned the nickname "Sadie," which was short for "Sadistic." But to former Millikin students serving around the globe, he was still "Fuzzy," the football coach who kept them all regularly updated on campus happenings through his frequent "M" mail letters (which stood both for Millikin and Morale). Although the archives doesn't hold any copies of these outgoing letters, The Decaturian issues during the war are loaded with the responses that came back to Millikin from these students & alumni then in uniform. A sampling appears below.

Midshipman F. B. Poneta, March 1944 DecaturianPvt. Donald Wilt, USMCR, March 1944 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý24 March 1944 page 2
Greetings from Ed, October 1944 DecaturianPfe Sal S. Rosenberg, October 1944 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý13 October 1944 page 2
2nd Lt. W. D. Boyd, October 1944 DecaturianS/Sgt. Alfred J. Budde, October 1944 DecaturianLt. E. L. Zachry, October 1944 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý27 October 1944 page 2
Elaine Towne, January 1944 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý7 January 1944 page 2

Millikin wasn't just active in promoting morale amongst its service members though. It was also actively present in attempting to provide a moral compass to the city of Decatur, as the following examples about the treatment of Japanese-American citizens indicate.

Open letter to the mayor, January 1944 DecaturianJapanese-American speaks on, January 1944 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý8 January 1944 page 2 editorial

The DecaturianÌý12 Jan 1945 p1

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Move to create scholarships, April 1945 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý13 April 1945 page 4

Though $100 was raised by students for the above mentioned scholarship, none of the three Nisei students that applied for it decided to come to Millikin.

Faculty & Staff Get Into The Act As Well

Students and alumni weren't the only ones contributing to the war effort. Many faculty and staff members left Millikin for military service (as in the cases of Coaches Wells and RoyÌýbelow top), others left to serve in government positions (as in the case of Dr. Hammaker belowÌýleft), and still others did what they could right from Millikin (as in the case of Dr. RobinsonÌýbelow right)

The Decaturian, March 1942
The DecaturianÌý20 March 1942 frontpage
War board releases chem. professor, September 1943 DecaturianProf heads tire board, March 1942 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý24 September 1943 page 1The DecaturianÌý13 March 1942 page 3

Dr. Robinson wasn't the only one contributing to the war effort right from the halls of Millikin itself. As rationing of gasoline, tires, food, and other items forced lifestyle changes throughout the country, Millikin students and staff did their part.

Victory meal held by home ec club, February 1943 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý19 February 1943 page 1
Merrily we roll along, October 1942 DecaturianGodcharles joins ranks, October 1943 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý23 October 1942 page 3The DecaturianÌý22 Oct 1943

Lest We Forget...The Thirty-Three

Millikin University, like most other communities in the United States, lost some of its members in the war. A total of 33 Millikin men gave their lives in World War II, and just as they remembered them at the 1945 Homecoming, we remember them here.

Have you forgotten yet? November 1945 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý2 November 1945 page 3

Below you will find the names of the Thirty-Three. For those for which we have pictures, one is provided, while for the others, a gold star is displayed. These names, service branches, and dates of death were drawn from the November 2, 1945 Decaturian page featured above.

Kenneth beallByron BroekerJoseph Brownback
Kenneth Beall
Navy ~ 30 Oct 1942
Byron Broeker
Engineers ~ 1 Apr 1945
Joseph Brownback
A.A.F. ~ 27 Dec 1941
Merlyn CarleyIsaac CarmackWayne Carter
Merlyn Carley
A.A.F. ~ September 1945

Isaac Carmack
A.A.F. ~ 4 Oct 1944

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Wayne Carter
A.A.F. ~ 20 Sep 1944
Leonard CassellRobert ClaytonRobert Conner
Leonard Cassell
A.A.F. ~ January 1942
Robert Clayton
A.A.F. ~ 5 May 1945
Robert Conner
Navy ~ 15 Jun 1942
Thomas DelaneyRichard DeWittJames Donovan
Thomas Delaney
Infantry ~ December 1944
Richard DeWitt
A.A.F. ~ April 1944
James Donovan
Paratroops ~ June 1943
Max FurmanRobert GaitherWilliam Garvin
Max Furman
R.C.A.F ~ 16 Jul 1943
Robert Gaither
A.A.F. ~ 30 May 1944
William Garvin
Infantry ~ 6 Aug 1944
Ray GelbachWilliam GrantJames Gray
Ray Gelbach
Navy ~ March 1945
William Grant
Marine ~ December 1943
James Gray
A.A.F. ~ June 1944
Jack HagertyHarry HelmWendell Jones
Jack Hagerty
Navy ~ June 1944
Harry Helm
Infantry ~ 21 Jun 1944
Wendell Jones
A.A.F. ~ 29 Oct 1944
James KintnerEdward LahniersJoseph McLaughlin
James Kintner
A.A.F. ~ 13 May 1945
Edward Lahniers
A.A.F. ~ 17 Aug 1945
Joseph McLaughlin
R.C.A.F. ~ 10 Dec 1942
Ed MeadeJohn ReepMerle D. Scott
Ed Meade
R.C.A.F. ~ July 1943
John Reep
A.A.F. ~ July 1943
Merle D. Scott
Navy ~ November 1944
Ross SensenbaughWilliam SteckerRobert Taylor
Ross Sensenbaugh
Army ~ November 1944
William Stecker
Navy ~ 30 Jun 1944
Robert Taylor
Infantry ~ 16 Nov 1944
William TravisJames WeatherfordWayne Wilson
William Travis
Navy ~ 18 Jun 1944
James Weatherford
A.A.F. ~ 10 Jul 1945
Wayne Wilson
A.A.F. ~ 24 Mar 1945

Returned With Stories To Tell

Although the Thirty-Three failed to return to Millikin, hundreds of veterans did come to Millikin, some to continue where they had left off and others coming for the first time. The impact of these veterans on the post-war campus is a story for an entirely new exhibit, but one of the things they brought back and shared were stories of what they had done during the war. A small sampling of these stories is offered here below.

Bowen tells of experience, October 1945 DecaturianHudson tells experience, October 1945 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý12 October 1945 page 4The DecaturianÌý26 October 1945 page 4
Bob Hill returns, November 1945 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý2 November 1945 page 5
Air corps veteran tells, November 1945 Decaturian"Short snorter" pilot, November 1945 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý16 November 1945 page 4The DecaturianÌý30 November 1945 page 4
Bill Wulf describes 1944, December 1945 DecaturianHoward Rice, January 1946 Decaturian
The DecaturianÌý14 December 1945 page 4The DecaturianÌý11 January 1946 page 1

This Exhibit was researched and developed using source materials found within the Millikin University Archives & Special Collections.

This page created August 30, 2007 by Todd Rudat
Last Modified on February 28, 2008
Copyright: Millikin University Board of Trustees